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What is Bayesian analysis? Bayesian analysis is a statistical analysis that answers research questions about unknown parameters of statistical models by using probability statements. Bayesian analysis rests on the assumption that all model parameters are random quantities and thus are subjects to prior knowledge. This assumption is in sharp contrast with the more traditional, also called frequentist, statistical inference where all parameters are considered unknown but fixed quantities. Bayesian analysis follows a simple rule of probability, the Bayes rule, which provides a formalism for combining prior information with evidence from the data at hand. The Bayes rule is used to form the so called posterior distribution of model parameters. The posterior distribution results from updating the prior knowledge about model parameters with evidence from the observed data. Bayesian analysis uses the posterior distribution to form various summaries for the model parameters including point estimates such as posterior means, medians, percentiles, and interval estimates such as credible intervals. Moreover, all statistical tests about model parameters can be expressed as probability statements based on the estimated posterior distribution.
Bayesian inference provides a straightforward and more intuitive interpretation of the results in terms of probabilities. For example, credible intervals are interpreted as intervals to which parameters belong with a certain probability, unlike the less straightforward repeated-sampling interpretation of the confidence intervals. Bayesian models satisfy the likelihood principle (Berger and Wolpert 1988) that the information in a sample is fully represented by the likelihood function. This principle requires that if the likelihood function of one model is proportional to the likelihood function of another model, then inferences from the two models should give the same results. Some researchers argue that frequentist methods that depend on the experimental design may violate the likelihood principle.
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Summary statistics Results from hypothesis tests Regression results LR and Wald tests, GOF statistics, ... Results from any Stata command
This contrast can be interpreted as the average treatment effect of irrigation. Being a nonparametric regression, the unknown mean is approximated by a series function of the covariates. And yet we can still obtain the inferences that we could from a parametric model. We use margins. We could type . margins irrigation, at(temperature=(40(5)90)) and obtain a table of the expected effect of having irrigation at temperatures of 40, 50, ..., 90 degrees. And we could graph the result using marginsplot. Even more, npregress series can fit partially parametric (semiparametric) models.
Stata 16 has a new suite of commands for performing meta-analysis. This suite lets you explore and combine the results from different studies. For instance, if you have collected results from 20 studies about the effect of a particular drug on blood pressure, you can summarize these studies and estimate the overall effect using meta-analysis.
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